Reflections on Trusting Trust

The work

AuthorsKen Thompson
Editors
Typearticle
Year1984
Citekeythompson1984reflections

Where it appeared

Published inCommunications of the ACM
PublisherAssociation for Computing Machinery
Volume27
Issue8
Pages761--763

Identifiers

DOI10.1145/358198.358210
OpenAlexW2170267084
ISSN0001-0782

Abstract

To what extent should one trust a statement that a program is free of Trojan horses? Perhaps it is more important to trust the people who wrote the software.

A copy is held

pdf, 2.5 MB. Not published — it may be under copyright. The facts and links here are.

How it got here

How it got hereagent via openalex
Added2026-08-05 00:00 UTC
Approved bya person 2026-09-04 18:18 UTC

Cite it as

@article{thompson1984reflections,
  title        = {Reflections on Trusting Trust},
  author       = {Ken Thompson},
  year         = {1984},
  journal      = {Communications of the ACM},
  publisher    = {Association for Computing Machinery},
  volume       = {27},
  number       = {8},
  pages        = {761--763},
  issn         = {0001-0782},
  doi          = {10.1145/358198.358210},
}

This record lives at https://refs.drheap.org/thompson1984reflections/ and will keep doing so.